Child nutrition in the comprehensive development of elementary school children

Abstract

Introduction: This study analyzes the impact of nutritional status on the overall development of elementary school children at the "5 de Febrero" Educational Unit in Culebra-Chone, Manabí, where high rates of low weight and height are observed, associated with learning difficulties. The research stems from evidence indicating that inadequate nutrition, with insufficient consumption of essential nutrients, directly impacts cognitive ability, concentration, and physical development. Materials and methods: A mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) and cross-sectional design was used. The purposive sample included 25 children, 23 parents, 3 teachers, and 1 administrator. Data collection techniques included a survey administered to parents to assess their nutritional knowledge and practices, and a direct observation guide to evaluate children's development in motor, cognitive, and language areas. Results: The results revealed deficient eating habits: insufficient consumption of fruits, vegetables, and water, substituted by ultra-processed foods and sugary juices. Observation revealed significant delays in fine and gross motor skills, logical reasoning, and oral expression. Discussion: A direct correlation was identified between poor nutrition and developmental delays, which aligns with the literature establishing that nutrient deficiencies compromise cognitive function and psychomotor skills. Parental lack of nutritional knowledge emerges as a determining factor. Conclusions: Inadequate nutritional status negatively impacts children's overall development, limiting their physical, cognitive, and social abilities. These findings demonstrate the urgent need to implement comprehensive intervention programs that combine nutritional education for families, pediatric follow-up, and school food policies.