O agroturismo interativo como caminho para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico sustentável nas comunidades indígenas amazônicas: um modelo piloto de otimização
Palavras-chave:
Coeficiente de Gini; equidade e eficiência; meios de subsistência sustentáveis; região amazônica; diagnóstico participativo; desenvolvimento ruralResumo
Introdução: O agroturismo interativo emergiu como um caminho promissor para fortalecer os meios de subsistência sustentáveis nas comunidades indígenas amazônicas, mas as evidências empíricas sobre como implementar modelos equitativos permanecem limitadas. Este estudo avalia o potencial socioeconômico do agroturismo na comunidade nativa de Tsuntsuntsa (Amazonas, Peru) através de uma abordagem metodológica integrada. Materiais e métodos: A pesquisa empregou uma metodologia mista combinando pesquisas domiciliares (n=121, 100% dos domicílios), diagnóstico participativo e modelagem de otimização multiobjetivo. Os inquéritos estruturados avaliaram a vontade de participar, as expectativas económicas e as condições de infraestrutura (escala Likert, α de Cronbach=0,91). Foi desenvolvido um modelo de programação linear para maximizar o benefício líquido para a comunidade, incorporando o coeficiente de Gini como objectivo secundário para medir a desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento. Resultados: Os dados do inquérito revelaram um forte apoio comunitário ao agroturismo (92% concordaram com os benefícios), mas níveis heterogéneos de preparação (apenas 41% consideraram o seu agregado familiar preparado). O modelo de otimização demonstrou que o aumento dos orçamentos disponíveis de 800 para 1.200 unidades expandiu a participação das famílias de 8 para 10 e aumentou os benefícios totais de 14.000 para 16.950 unidades, com impactos apenas moderados na equidade (coeficiente de Gini = 0,27–0,30). O impacto global percebido foi classificado como alto por 50% dos entrevistados, enquanto a implementação local adequada foi classificada como baixa por 40%. O modelo piloto proposto integra estruturas de governação, critérios de selecção de agregados familiares (baseados na optimização de Gini), componentes de experiência do visitante (demonstações agrícolas, práticas culturais, gastronomia, caminhadas ecológicas) e estratégias de capacitação. Discussão: As conclusões estão alinhadas com a literatura mundial que indica que o agroturismo pode diversificar os rendimentos e aumentar a resiliência, enquanto a otimização baseada em Gini aborda o compromisso crítico entre eficiência e equidade no turismo comunitário. Conclusões: O agroturismo interactivo representa uma oportunidade de desenvolvimento viável e equitativa para Tsuntsuntsa, desde que a implementação seja acompanhada por uma inclusão faseada, investimentos em infra-estruturas e uma governação comunitária reforçada.
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