El agroturismo interactivo como camino hacia el desarrollo socioeconómico sostenible en las comunidades indígenas amazónicas: un modelo piloto de optimización
Palabras clave:
coeficiente de Gini; equidad y eficiencia; medios de vida sostenibles; región amazónica; diagnóstico participativo; desarrollo ruralResumen
Introducción: El agroturismo interactivo ha surgido como una vía prometedora para fortalecer los medios de vida sostenibles en las comunidades indígenas amazónicas, pero la evidencia empírica sobre cómo implementar modelos equitativos sigue siendo limitada. Este estudio evalúa el potencial socioeconómico del agroturismo en la comunidad nativa de Tsuntsuntsa (Amazonas, Perú) a través de un enfoque metodológico integrado. Materiales y métodos: La investigación empleó una metodología mixta que combina encuestas de hogares (n=121, 100% de los hogares), diagnóstico participativo y modelos de optimización multiobjetivo. Las encuestas estructuradas evaluaron la voluntad de participar, las expectativas económicas y las condiciones de la infraestructura (escala de Likert, α de Cronbach = 0,91). Se desarrolló un modelo de programación lineal para maximizar el beneficio neto de la comunidad, incorporando el coeficiente de Gini como objetivo secundario para medir la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso. Resultados: Los datos de la encuesta revelaron un fuerte apoyo comunitario al agroturismo (92% estuvo de acuerdo en los beneficios), pero niveles heterogéneos de preparación (sólo el 41% consideró que su hogar estaba preparado). El modelo de optimización demostró que aumentar los presupuestos disponibles de 800 a 1200 unidades amplió la participación de los hogares de 8 a 10 y aumentó los beneficios totales de 14 000 a 16 950 unidades, con impactos sólo moderados en la equidad (coeficiente de Gini = 0,27-0,30). El impacto global percibido fue calificado como alto por el 50% de los encuestados, mientras que la implementación local adecuada fue calificada como baja por el 40%. El modelo piloto propuesto integra estructuras de gobernanza, criterios de selección de hogares (basados en la optimización de Gini), componentes de la experiencia de los visitantes (demostraciones agrícolas, prácticas culturales, gastronomía, caminatas ecológicas) y estrategias de desarrollo de capacidades. Discusión: Los hallazgos se alinean con la literatura global que indica que el agroturismo puede diversificar los ingresos y aumentar la resiliencia, mientras que la optimización basada en Gini aborda el equilibrio crítico entre eficiencia y equidad en el turismo comunitario. Conclusiones: El agroturismo interactivo representa una oportunidad de desarrollo viable y equitativa para Tsuntsuntsa, siempre que su implementación vaya acompañada de una inclusión gradual, inversiones en infraestructura y una gobernanza comunitaria fortalecida.
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