Conductas saludables y salud mental: una revisión de los factores protectores en adolescentes
Palabras clave:
alud mental; adolescencia; conductas saludables; factores protectoresResumen
Introducción: La adolescencia es una etapa crítica para el establecimiento de conductas saludables que actúan como factores protectores de la salud mental. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre hábitos como la actividad física, la alimentación equilibrada, el sueño adecuado, el apoyo social y las intervenciones psicoeducativas con el bienestar psicológico en adolescentes. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Redalyc y PsycINFO, siguiendo lineamientos PRISMA, que permitió seleccionar 30 estudios publicados entre 2013 y 2023. Resultados: Evidencian que la actividad física regular se asocia con una reducción de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos, y mejora la regulación emocional. Una adecuada higiene del sueño actúa como modulador del estrés y del rendimiento cognitivo, mientras que una alimentación equilibrada favorece las funciones ejecutivas. El apoyo social y familiar percibido muestra una asociación inversa y robusta con la sintomatología depresiva, potenciando además la adherencia a otros hábitos saludables. Discusión: Las intervenciones psicoeducativas integradas en el ámbito escolar, que combinan promoción de hábitos con alfabetización emocional, generan efectos positivos en autoestima y resiliencia, especialmente cuando involucran a las familias. Factores contextuales como el clima escolar positivo y la alfabetización digital en salud también emergen como moduladores relevantes. Resalta la naturaleza sinérgica e interdependiente de estas conductas, así como la necesidad de abordajes intersectoriales y culturalmente adaptados. Conclusiones: La promoción de múltiples conductas saludables, articulada desde entornos escolares, familiares y comunitarios, constituye una estrategia efectiva para fortalecer la salud mental y el bienestar integral de los adolescentes.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Diego Javier Mayorga Ortiz, Shirley Gabriela Abarca Obregón, Mishell Katherine Lata Sánchez, Marco Israel Claudio Chacón
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