Estrategias de prevención contra la violencia escolar en Latinoamérica: una revisión sistemática (2020–2025)
Palabras clave:
Violencia escolar, Prevención de la violencia, Bullying, Intervención psicoeducativa, América Latina.Resumen
Introducción: La violencia escolar constituye un problema persistente en los sistemas educativos latinoamericanos, con implicaciones negativas para el bienestar psicológico, el rendimiento académico y la convivencia escolar. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue sintetizar la evidencia empírica sobre las estrategias de prevención de la violencia escolar implementadas en Latinoamérica mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada entre 2020 y 2025. Se realizó una revisión sistemática conforme a las directrices PRISMA 2020, a partir de búsquedas en las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus. Tras la aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión relacionados con el tipo de estudio, la población escolar, el contexto regional y el enfoque preventivo, se seleccionaron 34 estudios empíricos para el análisis final, con predominio de diseños experimentales y cuasi experimentales. La información fue organizada mediante matrices de cribado y extracción de datos, considerando el tipo de intervención, el diseño metodológico y los principales resultados. Los hallazgos evidencian una heterogeneidad en la efectividad de las estrategias de prevención de la violencia escolar en la región. Los programas centrados exclusivamente en el bullying muestran efectos limitados cuando no incorporan una adecuada adaptación sociocultural ni una implementación sostenida. En contraste, las intervenciones psicoeducativas orientadas al fortalecimiento de habilidades socioemocionales y de convivencia escolar presentan mayor potencial preventivo, aunque sus efectos directos sobre la reducción de la violencia no siempre son consistentes. Asimismo, varios estudios destacan la importancia de los mediadores psicológicos y contextuales en la efectividad de las intervenciones. Se concluye que la prevención de la violencia escolar en Latinoamérica requiere enfoques integrales, contextualizados y basados en evidencia, que consideren factores individuales e institucionales, aportando criterios relevantes para el diseño y fortalecimiento de programas preventivos.
Citas
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